【J Prote Res】张建国等揭晓“雨后春笋”生长谜底
J Prote Res:张建国等揭晓“雨后春笋”生长谜底
2012/04/17 14:39:50
短短几个月,毛竹就能从一颗刚出土的幼笋长成20米高的竹秆,特别是在生长高峰期的春天,一晚上甚至可以长高3~4米。毛竹为什么具有这样神奇的生长速度,现在这一谜底终于揭晓。
近日,中国林业科学研究院林业所树木遗传育种国家重点实验室张建国研究组在毛竹茎秆快速生长的分子机制研究中取得了重要进展,他们揭示出了竹秆速生的物质和能量基础,该研究结果已经被国际著名学术期刊_Journal of proteome research_在线发表。
据了解,对于毛竹茎秆生长发育规律的研究,我国目前主要集中在竹秆的材质生长方面,对竹秆的解剖构造已经了解得很全面,但是对于其内在的生理生化基础、内在的调控机制却知之甚少。
而张建国研究组发现,在竹笋到幼竹的生长阶段,快速生长是由细胞分裂和细胞伸长共同引起的。据张建国所述,竹子的生长首先要进行细胞的分裂,但是分裂只能使体积增大,而细胞分裂后快速地伸长才是竹子长高的主要原因。
经组织解剖表明,竹秆在发育初期,细胞分裂占主导地位,而在发育的中后期,细胞伸长则占主导地位,竹秆的发育、成熟和老化首先从基部开始启动,然后才是中部和顶部。
但是,不管细胞分裂还是伸长都与激素密不可分。据了解,植物激素是一类天然的有机物质,作为信号分子能以微量的浓度来影响一些生理过程,包括生长、分化和发育等。
而毛竹在没有光合作用的情况下,激素必然对其生长发育过程起到至关重要的作用。研究组通过分析竹子整个发育期内不同发育部位的内源激素的动态变化,结果发现,竹子中内源激素的变化调控着细胞的伸长,而激素间的平衡调节了竹秆的伸长和成熟。
张建国表示,在竹秆的发育过程中,由于光合能力较弱,能量则主要来自于蔗糖降解,果糖激酶的差异表达在能量产生中起到了决定作用,无氧呼吸和有氧呼吸的转换在能量生成中也发挥了重要的作用。
在竹秆发育的初期,竹秆被一层厚厚的竹鞘所包被,因此就形成了一个缺氧环境,在这种状态下,储藏营养就被降解成单糖,通过糖酵解继而转化成能量。但在竹秆发育的后期,随着竹鞘的脱落,缺氧的环境逐渐减弱,三羧酸循环就变成产生能量的主要方式。
另外,张建国表示,该研究成果还是竹类植物蛋白组学方面的首次报道,第一次从蛋白表达水平来揭示物质快速生长的生理机制。
据了解,蛋白质是大多数基因的产物,是基因功能的最终执行者,蛋白组学是研究蛋白质的一项有力手段。
虽然蛋白组学研究已用于大量的物种上,但主要集中在动物上,关于植物方面的研究不到整个蛋白组学研究份额的5%,涉及到林业上的物种就相对更少。
研究发现,在代谢、能量、细胞生长、转录等功能蛋白丰度表达都随时间序列而变化,蛋白表达量受竹子发育时期的差异影响较大,而受部位差异影响较小。另外,细胞伸长也与蛋白表达量的变异有关。
毛竹是我国最重要的竹种之一,具有极高的生态价值、经济价值和文化价值,木材产量在林木中排名第三。
张建国认为,本研究针对毛竹建立了一套完善的双向电泳体系,今后可以供其他竹类植物蛋白组学研究参考。另外,把蛋白组学技术和林业研究有效地结合,用来解决生产上的问题也是一项非常有意义的工作。
emporal and Spatial Profiling of Internode Elongation-Associated Protein Expression in Rapidly Growing Culms of Bamboo
Kai Cui, Cai-yun He, Jian-guo Zhang, Ai-guo Duan, and Yan-fei Zeng
In natural conditions, culms of developing Moso bamboo, Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens, reach their final height of more than ten meters within a short period of two to four months. To study this phenomenon, bamboo culm material collected from different developmental stages and internodes was analyzed. Histological observations indicated that the development of culm was dominated by cell division in the initial stages and by cell elongation in the middle and late stages. Development, maturation, and aging in different regions of the culm were studied systematically from the basal to the top internode. The four major endogenous hormones, indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, zeatin riboside, and abscisic acid appeared to strongly influence the cell elongation phase. A total of 258 spots were differentially expressed in culm development. Of these, 213 spots were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and were involved in many physiological and metabolic processes including carbohydrate metabolism, cell division, cell expansion, protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism and redox homeostasis. These proteins with different expression patterns constructed an ingenious network to regulate the culm development. Developmental stage-specific and internode-specific protein expression patterns were identified. Protein abundance was regulated temporally and to some extent spatially, and the sequential development from base to apex of bamboo culm was implemented by temporal and spatial expression of enzymes. Results indicate that during development energy was mainly derived from sucrose degradation, as photosynthetic capacity was poor. The regulation of anaerobic and aerobic modes of respiration appeared to play an important role in energy generation. This is the first report on proteomic profiling in bamboo and helps in understanding the regulatory processes in developing culms.