远古“杀手虾”挑战生物大灭绝理论

2011/06/02 09:49:29

20110602-094929-0001

巨大的奥陶纪“杀手虾”(右)看起来就像它的寒武纪表亲Laggania(左)。(图片提供:Esben Horn、Peter Van Roy/耶鲁大学)

这个发现肯定让全世界痴迷怪兽的孩子们感到心满意足:大约5.05亿年前,巨大的“杀手虾”——或者说像虾一样的生物anomalocaridid——潜伏在海洋中,并贪婪地吞噬着那些不小心在它们面前经过的软体猎物。如今,新发现的化石表明这些奇异的无脊椎动物要大得多——体长甚至超过1米,并且比之前的推测“多活”了几千万年。这一发现迫使古生物学家重新思考发生在生命进化史上最大的一次生物灭绝事件。

新发现的食肉动物是在5.05亿年前名为寒武纪大爆发的一次突然生物扩增中进化出的一种新的生命形式,当时所有的生物都被禁闭在海洋中。分节且生有柄眼的anomalocaridid位于食物链的顶端,统治着寒武纪的珊瑚礁。科学家曾认为,在寒武纪末期发生的一次生物大灭绝中,这种生物与其他许多奇形怪状的生物一道在距今4.88亿年前从地球上被统统抹去。随后在下一个地质年代奥陶纪中,新的生物又重新在海洋中进化形成。

然而如今,美国耶鲁大学的古生物学家Peter Van Roy和Derek Briggs发现了一个巨大的anomalocaridid化石,其生存年代可以回溯到距今4.88亿至4.72亿年前——这正是早奥陶纪的时期。在摩洛哥东南部发现的这一巨大无脊椎食肉动物是生态系统的的一部分,而后者似乎是从较早的地质年代直接转移过来的。研究表明,这种怪异的寒武纪生物的生存时间比科学家之前的预计增加了3000万年。

这一发现表明,anomalocaridid可能在海洋生物的进化中一直扮演了一个重要的角色,其时间要比之前的预测长得多。Briggs指出:“很显然,anomalocaridid在奥陶纪早期也是一种重要的食肉动物。”他说:“它们在海洋生态系统变得更为复杂的过程中产生了作用。”在距今4.88亿年前发生的奥陶纪生物多样性事件中,海洋中的动物属种数量几乎增加了4倍。相关论文发表在《自然》杂志上。

A giant Ordovician anomalocaridid

Nature, 2011, 473(7348): 510-513

Anomalocaridids, giant lightly sclerotized invertebrate predators, occur in a number of exceptionally preserved early and middle Cambrian (542–501 million years ago) biotas and have come to symbolize the unfamiliar morphologies displayed by stem organisms in faunas of the Burgess Shale type. They are characterized by a pair of anterior, segmented appendages, a circlet of plates around the mouth, and an elongate segmented trunk lacking true tergites with a pair of flexible lateral lobes per segment1, 2. Disarticulated body parts, such as the anterior appendages and oral circlet, had been assigned to a range of taxonomic groups—but the discovery of complete specimens from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale showed that these disparate elements all belong to a single kind of animal3. Phylogenetic analyses support a position of anomalocaridids in the arthropod stem, as a sister group to the euarthropods4, 5, 6. The anomalocaridids were the largest animals in Cambrian communities. The youngest unequivocal examples occur in the middle Cambrian Marjum Formation of Utah7 but an arthropod retaining some anomalocaridid characteristics is present in the Devonian of Germany5. Here we report the post-Cambrian occurrence of anomalocaridids, from the Early Ordovician (488–472 million years ago) Fezouata Biota8 in southeastern Morocco, including specimens larger than any in Cambrian biotas. These giant animals were an important element of some marine communities for about 30 million years longer than previously realized. The Moroccan specimens confirm the presence of a dorsal array of flexible blades attached to a transverse rachis on the trunk segments; these blades probably functioned as gills.